The most important geologic process formed the earth crust and earth surface is VOLCANISM. Volcanism, which expresses all the stages as initial, eruption and rock-forming phases by cooling of lava, is occurred by intruding of the magma from a 100 km depth through earth crust up to the surface. The uprising of the magma is a result of movement of earth crust fragments (=plates), but sometimes it is a cause of plate movement. The magma rising from 1500-1200 oC magma chamber cools gradationally as it is rising. Consequently, various minerals and rocks are formed related to its place and composition, and finally the magma freezes completely.

These events happened in Kızılcahamam - Çamlıdere region in three phases (between 23-16 Ma, 11-9 Ma and 8-3.5 Ma) repeatedly. Volcanic products, most of them are formed by explosive activities of the volcanoes, extruded from volcanic centers or from hundred kilometers cracks to the earth surface. Sedimentary rocks, deposited in fluvial, lacustrine and marsh environments, between the volcanics indicate the pause of volcanism in the region.

These lakes and marshes on the volcanic fields disappeared as a result of filling by volcanic materials in later periods. Thus, various volcanic materials and lake-marsh deposits stratified as an alternation and today’s geologic successions formed in this way. During the period of last some hundred thousand years, the sequence of volcanic and sedimentary rock alternation has been eroded and various valleys, canyons, mountains and hills has been formed. The incisions in the geologic sequence exhibit the products and magnificence of ancient events. The Kızılcahamam-Çamlıdere Geopark and Geotourism Project livens up this geologic history.