Fault: A fault is a fracture in the earth crust (fracture surface = fracture plane). It is a fracture or fracture zone that a parallel and relative replacement was happened along the surface(s) between its fragments. Movement quantity may change from cm to km scale. If there is no movement along the fracture surface, it is named as a “crack”.

Fossil: Petrified remnants of organisms lived in geologic times. Fossils are the main subjects of paleontology (Shells picked on the shorelines are not fossil).

Miocene: The name of a time interval (epoch) in the geologic history of the Earth between 23,8 and 5,3 Ma BP and/or the rock successions (series) formed during this time interval. It is divided into three subdivision as Early/Lower (23,8 to16,4 Ma), Middle (16,4 to 11,2 Ma) and Late/Upper (11,2 to 5,3 Ma).

Pyroclastic grains: Pyroclastic grains are one of three materials extruded from crater in eruptional type volcanoes (Others are volcanic gases and lavas). The formation of pyroclastic grains is given in the following: As the amount of gas (mostly steam) increases in the magma chamber (the lava store in a deeper part of the crust) the internal pressure of gas over the magma also increases. Gas diffuses and spreads in the magma as small bubbles. Thus, the magma breaks into pieces and also undergoes high pressure. As a result of high pressure volcano conduit reaches up to surface by cracking of earth crust and magma pieces throw out the conduit. This clastic or detritic material is called as “pyroclastic grains”. During the later phases of volcano, inner gas amount and pressure decreases, and lava flows on the surface slowly or rapidly related to its chemical composition.

Pyroclastic grains show a wide diversity based on their size and classify in different ways. In case of classifying on the base of their sizes, small grains suspended in the air from very thin grains to sand size material is named as “volcanic ash”, and they form the rocks called as “tuff” by falling down and depositing on the earth surface. Gravel and block size volcanic clasts are larger grains and they form the volcanic rocks defined as “agglomerate” by depositing on the surface.

Volcanism: The general name of rising up and extrusion process of magma and accompanied gasses to the surface.